What is the material accounting unit. Inventories: accounting and reporting. Accounting for VAT on incoming inventories

Material production reserves of the enterprise– these are current assets involved in the production and management cycle. In other words, this is property used for the production of finished products.

Accounting for inventories PBU 5/01. Position

The regulation on accounting for inventories was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (No. 44n dated June 9, 2001). This provision establishes the accounting principles (PBU 5/01) of inventories at the enterprise.

Classification of an enterprise's inventories

Inventories include the following types of enterprise assets:

• raw materials and supplies used in production;
• goods intended for sale, provision of services or involved in management needs;
• finished products that have gone through the entire production cycle;
• goods purchased from other organizations (legal entities).

It should be noted that the provisions of PBU 5/01 do not apply to accounting for work in progress.

Unit of accounting for inventories is installed individually at each enterprise. The purpose of accounting is the most reliable reflection of information about the state of the enterprise's inventories and control over their movement (acquisition/disposal).

Unit of accounting for inventories

Valuation of inventories

Material production inventories (MPI) must be accounted for at their actual cost.

Actual cost of inventories for the purchase of inventories– the amount of expenses of the enterprise for the purchase of goods and materials excluding VAT, customs duties and fees, excise taxes on certain types of goods/services. Accounting takes into account the following types of costs for the acquisition of inventories.

It should be noted that when calculating the actual costs of purchasing inventories, general business costs are not taken into account.

The actual cost of inventories during production is the amount of expenses an enterprise costs in the production of goods and materials.

The actual cost of inventories contributed to the authorized capital is determined based on the assessment by the owners of the enterprise.

The actual cost of inventories upon donation is estimated based on the market value as of the accounting date.

The actual cost of inventories under non-cash payment agreements is an assessment of the value of transferred assets at prices of similar types of assets.

The actual cost of acquired foreign inventories is determined based on their value at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as of the date of accounting for inventories.

Methods for assessing inventories according to PBU 5/01

The following valuation methods are used to account for inventories:

• at the weighted average price per unit of material;
• at the cost of each unit;
• FIFO method (at the cost of the first purchases);

Average cost estimate– calculation of the average price of the cost of materials by dividing the entire cost by quantity. This accounting method is used when it is difficult to estimate the cost of a single inventory.

Valuation at unit cost– estimation of the cost of each unit of inventory. This method is used for particularly expensive materials, such as precious metals.

FIFO valuation– accounting of materials that were received first for production.

In the balance sheet at the end of the reporting period, inventories are reflected in accordance with the accepted accounting method.

In order to carry out an uninterrupted production process, an organization must have a sufficient quantity of various production reserves, so business entities need to purchase raw materials, supplies, etc. Inventories - a concept inherent in the economy as a whole and requiring adequate reflection in accounting. Under industrial reserves understand the various material elements of production used as objects of labor in the production process. They are entirely consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of the products produced. Inventory is a collection of tangible property belonging to current assets. These include: materials, work in progress, finished goods, goods. This chapter will focus on accounting for inventories, the acquisition costs of which are capitalized in the main accounts: 10 “Materials” and 41 “Goods”.

Inventory is the main (after cash) current asset of most organizations related to the trade and production sectors. Since inventories are the main material element of the production cycle, their accounting is extremely important for all its levels and users. In most industries, inventories also form the basis of direct material costs in the cost of production or cost of sales.

Any organization conducts its activities with the aim of obtaining material (or any other) benefits. To determine the profitability of this type of activity, it is first necessary to know the amount of funds spent on the production of a product or service. Also, undoubtedly, important is information about the availability in warehouses of goods or materials necessary for the functioning of the organization. Apart from cash, inventory items are the most liquid assets of an organization, and thus, the actual balances of these assets and their value are key indicators for calculating the value of the organization as a whole.

In most cases, it is inventories that make up the bulk of the cost of production, which shows the effectiveness of this type of activity as such, as well as the effectiveness of management efforts. For trading and manufacturing organizations, detailed material accounting is the most important. In organizations providing consulting services, it will be more important to account for the material assets used to support the functioning of the office and consultants. These costs relate to the indirect costs of the company as a whole.

Clear accounting of inventory items is also important due to the significant impact of the correct calculation of inventory on the financial statements and financial results of the organization as a whole. There is an opinion that the main purpose of material accounting is precisely the accurate determination of profit (and, as a result, the assessment of equity capital), and not the actual cost of inventories. Most investors and lenders make their decisions based on the profit margins reported in the financial statements and the valuation of inventories.

The principles for accounting for inventories are established by IFRS 2 “Inventories”.

Reserves– assets intended for sale in the ordinary course of business or for the production of goods (services) with their subsequent sale, as well as raw materials and supplies used in the production process. Inventories also include properties held for resale. In accordance with IFRS 2, inventories are classified as follows:

Goods, land and other property purchased and held for resale;

Finished products released by the company;

Work in progress produced by a company that includes raw materials and materials intended for further use in the production process.

In accordance with PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”, in Russian accounting practice the following assets are accepted as inventories:

Used as raw materials, materials and other assets in the production of products for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

Intended for sale, including finished products and goods;

Used for the management needs of the organization.

Note that in accordance with IFRS 2 “Inventories”, inventories include work in progress and real estate intended for resale. In PBU 5/01, unlike IFRS 2, assets used in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization for more than 12 months or more than the normal operating cycle, are not classified as inventories.

5.1. Valuation of inventories and their documentation

Depending on the purpose and role in production, inventories are classified into the following types:

2) purchased semi-finished products;

3) fuel;

4) spare parts;

5) building materials;

6) inventory and household supplies;

7) containers and packaging materials;

8) auxiliary materials;

9) special clothing and special equipment;

10) others.

Within each of the listed groups, production inventories are divided into types, grades, brands, and standard sizes. Each of these groups of materials is different from the others both in its physical state and in its origin, entry into the organization, use for production purposes, storage methods and many other characteristics. All these features dictate the tasks and requirements for accounting for inventories.

In order to successfully solve these problems, organizations must properly organize warehousing, improve the document flow system, monitor the selection and training of financially responsible persons related to accounting, and ensure timely and complete maintenance of synthetic and analytical accounting of material assets. To do this, the organization must:

Have a nomenclature - a price tag;

Establish a clear documentation and document flow system;

Carry out an inventory and control random checks of remaining materials in the prescribed manner, and timely record their results in records.

Nomenclature – a systematic list of names of materials, semi-finished products, spare parts, fuel and other material assets used in a given organization. The nomenclature of material assets must contain the following data about each material: technically correct name (in accordance with all-Union standards - GOST); full characteristics (brand, grade, size, unit of measurement, etc.); nomenclature number is a conventional designation that essentially replaces the listed characteristics. If the nomenclature indicates the accounting price of each type of material, then it is called a nomenclature-price tag.

Subsequently, when issuing each document on the movement of materials, it indicates not only the name of the material, but also its item number, which allows you to avoid errors when making entries in the warehouse and accounting of materials.

The accounting unit for inventories is selected by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these inventories, as well as proper control over their availability and movement. Depending on the nature of inventories, the order of their acquisition and use unit of inventories May be item number , party, homogeneous group, etc.

Inventory accounting is carried out in two measures - monetary and real (quantitative).

Materials can be supplied to the organization under purchase and sale agreements (supply agreements, etc.); when making a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization; when received by an organization free of charge (including a gift agreement); through the production of materials by the organization, as well as as a result of the disposal of fixed assets or other property.

In accordance with PBU 5/01, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual costs of purchasing inventories may be:

Amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);

Amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

Customs duties and other payments;

Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

Fees paid to the intermediary organization through which inventories were purchased;

Costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs;

The costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. These costs include the organization’s costs of processing, sorting, packaging and improving the technical characteristics of received stocks, not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;

Other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of purchasing inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of inventories received by an organization under a gift agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. Current market value refers to the amount of cash that can be received as a result of the sale of specified assets.

The actual cost of inventories when manufactured by the organization is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories are carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of relevant types of products.

The actual cost of inventories acquired under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost of goods (valuables) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of goods (valuables) transferred or to be transferred is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (valuables).

Inventories owned by the organization, but in transit or transferred to the buyer as collateral, are taken into account in accounting at the valuation provided for in the contract, with subsequent clarification of the actual cost. The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and provided for by the above Regulations.

Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are taken into account in the assessment provided for in the contract.

The actual cost of materials can be calculated only at the end of the month, when the accounting department will have the components of this cost (payment documents from suppliers of materials or invoices for transportation, loading and unloading and other expenses). The movement of materials occurs in organizations every day, and documents for the receipt and consumption of materials must be drawn up in a timely manner, as transactions are carried out, and reflected in accounting. Therefore, there is a need to use in current accounting fixed, predetermined prices, called accounting prices (they can be either contractual or planned prices).

When using planned prices, the amounts and percentages of deviations of the actual cost from the planned cost (savings or overruns) are calculated monthly. This indicator makes it possible to evaluate the process of materials procurement. Deviations from planned prices are calculated not for each item number of materials, but for groups of materials (main, auxiliary materials, fuel, etc.). When calculating, the balance of materials at the beginning of the month and their receipt for the reporting period are taken.

For materials received from the supplier, the organization receives payment documents (payment requests, payment requests-orders, invoices, waybills, etc.) and accompanying documents (specifications, certificates, quality certificates, etc.).

The organization establishes the procedure for receiving, registering, checking, accepting and passing settlement documents for incoming materials, taking into account the conditions of supply, transportation (delivery to the organization), the organizational structure of the organization and the functional responsibilities of divisions (departments, warehouses) and officials. In this case it is necessary:

Register documents in the journal of incoming cargo;

Check the compliance of these documents with supply agreements (other similar agreements) regarding the range, prices and quantity of materials, method and timing of shipment and other delivery conditions stipulated by the agreement;

Check the accuracy of the calculations in the settlement documents;

Accept (pay) payment documents in whole or in part or refuse acceptance (payment) with reason;

Determine the actual extent of liability in case of violation of the terms of the contract;

Submit documents to the organization’s divisions (accounting service, financial department, etc.) within the time limits provided for by the organization’s document flow rules.

Materials must be supplied in appropriate units of measurement (weight, volume, linear, pieces). The accounting price is established using the same units of measurement.

Accounting for material resources in any production organization is entrusted to the financially responsible person or team of financially responsible persons. The financially responsible person can be either the warehouse manager or any other employee who has reached the age of 18. If the number of employees of the organization is small and the range of production inventories is small, it is possible not to maintain full-time warehouse workers, and their functions of accepting and issuing materials, ensuring the safety of production inventories are assigned to employees whose activities are directly related to the use of materials, in a combination manner. It is necessary to conclude an agreement with employees on full financial responsibility. As materials are received, they are assigned to the financially responsible person.

Acceptance and posting of incoming materials and containers (for materials) is formalized by the relevant warehouses, as a rule, by drawing up receipt orders (form No. M-4, like other forms discussed below, approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a) if there are no discrepancies between the supplier’s data and the actual data (in terms of quantity and quality).

For bulk homogeneous cargo arriving from the same supplier (for example, fuels and lubricants) several times during the day, it is allowed to draw up one receipt order for the whole day. At the same time, for each individual receipt of material during the day, entries are made on the back of the order, which are calculated at the end of the day and the total is recorded in the receipt order.

To receive materials from the supplier's warehouse or from a transport organization, the authorized person is issued the appropriate documents and a power of attorney to receive materials. The execution of powers of attorney in organizations is carried out in the manner prescribed by current legislation.

Materials received for safekeeping are recorded by the warehouse manager (storekeeper) in a special book (card), stored separately in the warehouse and cannot be consumed.

Materials purchased by the organization’s accountable persons are subject to delivery to the warehouse. The posting of materials is carried out in the generally established manner on the basis of supporting documents confirming the purchase (invoices and store receipts, a receipt for a cash receipt order - when purchasing from another organization for cash, an act or certificate - about a purchase on the market or from the public), which are attached to advance report of the accountable person.

Disposal of inventories includes:

Their release into production;

Sale;

Write-off;

Free transfer.

The release of materials into production means their release from the warehouse directly for the production of products (performance of work, provision of services), as well as the release of materials for the management needs of the organization. The release of materials to the warehouses of the organization's divisions and to construction sites is considered as internal movement. The procedure for releasing materials from the warehouse (storeroom) of a workshop or organizational unit is established by the head of the organizational unit in agreement with the chief accountant of the organization.

The cost of materials released from the organization's warehouses to divisions and from divisions to sites, teams, and workplaces in analytical accounting is usually determined at accounting prices. As materials are released from the department's warehouses (storerooms) to sites, teams, and workplaces, they are written off from the inventory accounts and credited to the corresponding production cost accounts.

The release of materials from the organization's warehouses (storerooms) to production (sites, teams, workplaces), as a rule, should be carried out on the basis of pre-established limits. Limits for the release of materials for production are established by the supply department or other departments (officials) by decision of the head of the organization. Limits on the supply of materials are established on the basis of material consumption standards developed by the relevant services of the organization, production programs of the organization's divisions, taking into account the balances (carryover stocks) of materials at the beginning and end of the planning period. Making changes to limits (in connection with clarifying the volume of work in progress and balances of unused materials in the organization’s divisions, changing and (or) exceeding the production program, changing consumption rates, replacing materials, correcting errors made when calculating the limit, etc.) made with the permission of the same persons who are granted the right to approve them.

In accordance with PBU 5/01, when releasing inventories into production and otherwise disposing of them, their assessment is carried out by the organization (goods accounted for at sales (retail) cost) using one of the following methods:

– at the cost of each unit;

– at average cost;

– at the cost of the first acquisitions of inventories (FIFO method).

For each group (type) of inventories during the reporting year, one valuation method is used.

Inventories used by the organization in a special manner (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or inventories that cannot normally replace each other, are valued at the cost of each unit of such inventories.

Inventories can be assessed by the organization at the average cost, which is determined for each type (group) of inventories as the quotient of dividing the total cost of the type (group) of inventories by their quantity, respectively consisting of the cost and quantity for the balance at the beginning of the month and for incoming inventories this month. In this situation, the cost of consumed materials is estimated using the formula:

R = He + P – Ok,

where P is the cost of materials used;

He and Ok - the cost of the initial and final balances of materials;

P – cost of received materials.

With the FIFO method (from the English “ FIFO – first in – first out") the rule contained in its English name applies: the first batch to be received is the first batch to be spent.

Valuation of inventories using the FIFO method is based on the assumption that material resources are used during a month or another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e., the resources that first enter production (in trade - for sale) should be valued at the cost of the first by the time of acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventories listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of material resources in stock (warehouse) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of sales of products (works, services) takes into account the cost of earlier acquisitions.

An organization may apply during the reporting year, as an element of its accounting policy, one valuation method for each individual type (group) of inventories.

The primary accounting documents for the release of materials from the organization’s warehouses to divisions are:

Limit intake card (form No. M-8) – issued for one or more items (types of materials) related to a specific production cost code (order). The planning and production department calculates the need for the required volume and type of material assets for the workshop to implement the production program. The limit on the consumption and release of materials is reduced by the number of valuables of this type remaining in the workshops at the beginning of the month. Cards are issued in two copies: one for the workshop, the other for the warehouse. When releasing valuables from the warehouse, the storekeeper signs on the limit-collection card, and the recipient's representative signs on the limit-collection card of the warehouse. In both cards, the remaining unused limit is displayed after each vacation. Once the limit is used and at the end of the month, the limit and withdrawal cards are handed over to the organization’s accounting department. Thus, on the basis of the limit-receipt card, the release of materials is issued and ongoing monitoring is carried out over compliance with the established limits for the release of materials for production needs. In addition, according to the limit-fence card, records are kept of materials not used in production (returns). In this case, no additional documents are drawn up;

Request invoice (form No. M-11) – used to account for the movement of material assets within the organization between structural divisions or financially responsible persons;

Invoice for the release of materials to the third party (form No. M-15) - used to account for the supply of material assets to divisions of one’s organization located outside its territory, or to third-party organizations, on the basis of contracts and other documents. Issued in duplicate on the basis of orders, contracts and other relevant documents upon presentation by the recipient of a power of attorney to receive valuables. When transporting materials sold externally, a consignment note is issued by motor transport.

At the end of the month (quarter), limit cards are submitted to the organization’s accounting service. In case of supply of materials in excess of the limit, a stamp (inscription) “Above the limit” is affixed to the primary accounting documents (limit cards, invoice requirements). The release of materials in excess of the limit is carried out with the permission of the manager or persons authorized by him. The documents indicate the reasons for the excess supply of materials.

The above-limit supply of materials includes additional supply related to the correction or compensation of defects (for the production of products, products to replace rejected ones) and covering overexpenditures of materials (i.e., expenses in excess of the norms).

To reduce the number of primary documents, where appropriate, it is recommended to register the issue of materials directly in materials accounting cards (form No. M-17).

The materials accounting card (form No. M-17) is used to record the movement of materials in the warehouse for each grade, type and size; filled in for each item number of the material and maintained by the financially responsible person (storekeeper, warehouse manager). Entries in the card are made on the basis of primary receipt and expenditure documents on the day of the transaction. The vacation limit can also be indicated on the card itself. When receiving materials, the representative of the structural unit signs directly on the materials accounting cards, and the storekeeper signs on the limit-fence card. The code or name of the order (cost) is also indicated here.

With this system of releasing materials from the warehouse, the warehouse accounting card is an analytical accounting register and at the same time performs the functions of a primary accounting document.

The return of unused materials by the organization's divisions to the warehouse is formalized with invoices or limit-collection cards. Materials handed over to the warehouse are credited to the warehouse with simultaneous write-off from the reporting unit of the organization. If these materials were written off for production and then returned, then their cost is charged to reduce the corresponding costs.

The vacation procedure, delivery schedule, forms of operational documents are determined by the organization in the order (instruction) on document flow.

All primary documents on the movement of material assets must be submitted by divisions of the organization to the accounting department within the deadlines established by the organization.

5.2. Organization of inventory accounting

To account for inventories, synthetic accounts 10 “Materials”, 43 “Finished products”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”, 19 “VAT on acquired assets” are intended. All accounts are active: the debit reflects the receipt and posting of inventories, and the credit reflects their disposal.

The main account reflecting the movement of materials in organizations is account 10 “Materials”. Account 10 “Materials” takes into account only materials that belong to the organization under the right of ownership, full economic management, and operational management.

Materials in safekeeping are accounted for on off-balance sheet account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping”, raw materials and materials from customers accepted for processing, but unpaid (raw materials supplied by customers) are accounted for on off-balance sheet account 003 “Materials accepted in processing."

Accounting for materials is carried out according to subaccounts 10-1 “Raw materials and materials”, 10-2 “Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures, parts”, 10-3 “Fuel”, 10-4 “Containers and packaging materials”, 10-5 “ Spare parts", 10-6 "Other materials", 10-7 "Materials transferred for processing to third parties", 10-8 "Construction materials", 10-9 "Inventory and household supplies" and others by type of materials.

Materials are accounted for on account 10 “Materials” at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or accounting prices.

Analytical accounting of inventory movements can be carried out both in quantitative and total (cost) terms ( negotiable method), and only in value terms ( balance method).

When using the reverse method, two options for accounting for materials are used. In the first option, the accounting department opens analytical accounting cards for each type and grade of materials, in which, based on primary documents, operations on the receipt and expenditure of inventories are recorded. These cards differ from warehouse accounting cards in that they record inventories not only in physical terms, but also in monetary terms. At the end of the month, based on the final data of all cards, quantitative and total turnover sheets of materials are compiled for each warehouse and division. In each turnover sheet, totals of amounts are displayed for each page, for groups of materials, for subaccounts, synthetic accounts and the total for a warehouse or division. Based on these statements, a consolidated turnover sheet is compiled, the data of which is then compared with the data of synthetic accounting.

In the second option, all incoming and outgoing documents are grouped by item numbers and at the end of the month, the final data on the receipt and expenditure of materials calculated from the documents is recorded in the turnover sheets, compiled in physical and monetary terms for each warehouse separately in the context of the corresponding synthetic accounts and sub-accounts. Based on these statements, consolidated turnover statements are compiled. With the second option, the complexity of accounting is significantly reduced, since there is no need to maintain analytical accounting cards. But even in this case, accounting remains cumbersome, since hundreds and sometimes thousands of item items are recorded in the turnover sheet.

More progressive balance method materials accounting. With this method, accounting does not duplicate warehouse sort accounting either in separate analytical accounting cards or in turnover sheets, but uses warehouse accounting cards for materials maintained in the warehouse as analytical accounting registers. Every day or at other established times, the accounting employee checks the accuracy of the entries made by the storekeeper in the warehouse accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards. At the end of the month, the warehouse manager, and in some cases the accounting employee, transfers quantitative data on balances on the first day of the month for each item number of materials from warehouse cards to the balance sheet (without income and expense turnover). After checking and approval by the accountant, the balance sheet is transferred to the accounting department, where the remaining materials are taxed at fixed accounting prices and their totals are displayed for individual accounting groups of materials and for the warehouse as a whole. Based on the specified balance sheets, a consolidated balance sheet is compiled into which the results of the balance sheets of warehouses and divisions are transferred by groups of materials, by subaccounts, synthetic accounts, warehouses, and divisions.

Balance sheets and consolidated balance sheets are monthly verified with data from synthetic accounting of materials.

Analytical accounting for account 10 “Materials” is carried out by places of storage of materials and their individual names (types, grades, sizes, etc.) in monetary terms for financially responsible persons (warehouses) in the context of balance sheet accounts (sub-accounts) and inventory groups. Analytical accounting of the receipt of materials largely depends on the choice of the accounting price. If average purchase prices are used as firm prices, then received materials are reflected on each analytical account at average prices. Markups of sales and supply organizations and transportation and procurement costs for all received materials are taken into account in a separate analytical account “Transportation and procurement costs and margins of supply and sales organizations.”

If the fixed accounting price is the planned cost of materials, received materials are reflected on each analytical account at the planned cost, and the difference between the actual and planned cost of materials is shown on the analytical account “Deviations of actual cost from planned.”

Reflection of transactions for the purchase of materials in current accounting can be carried out in two ways (the method must be specified in the accounting policy of the organization):

Or on account 10 “Materials” (without using accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”);

Or on accounts 10 “Materials”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”.

When organizing inventory accounting without using accounts 15, 16, account 10 upon receipt of inventories should reflect their actual cost. In this case, transportation and procurement costs can be included in the actual cost or reflected in a separate subaccount to account 10. The posting of materials is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 10 and the credit of the corresponding accounts (60, 20, 23, 71, etc.).

The actual consumption of materials for production or for other economic purposes is taken into account under the credit of account 10 “Materials” in correspondence with the accounts of production costs, sales costs, etc.

Account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” is intended to summarize information on the procurement and acquisition of material assets related to funds in circulation. The debit of account 15 includes the purchase cost of material assets for which the organization received payment documents from suppliers. Entries are made in correspondence with accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, etc. in depending on where certain values ​​came from, and on the nature of the costs of procuring and delivering materials to the organization. In this case, entries in the debit of account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” and the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” are made regardless of when the materials arrived at the organization - before or after receiving the supplier’s settlement documents.

The posting of materials actually received by the organization is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 10 “Materials” and the credit of account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials” at accounting prices.

The following can be used as a discount price:

Purchase cost (amount payable to the supplier);

Actual cost of the previous period;

Planned price of the organization.

When accounting for materials at accounting prices, the difference between the cost of assets at these prices and the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) is reflected in account 16 “Deviations in the cost of material assets.”

Account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” is intended to summarize information about differences in the cost of acquired inventories, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, as well as data characterizing exchange rate differences. This account is used by organizations that record inventories in account 10 “Materials” at accounting prices.

The amount of the difference in the cost of acquired material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, is debited or credited to account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” from account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets.”

Differences in the cost of acquired material assets accumulated on account 16, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, are written off (reversed - if the difference is negative) to the debit of production cost (selling expenses) accounts or other relevant accounts in proportion to the cost accounting prices of materials used in production.

Analytical accounting for account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” is carried out by groups of material assets with approximately the same level of these deviations.

The sale of materials to third parties, gratuitous transfer, is carried out on the credit of account 10 “Materials” and the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” with simultaneous reflection on the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” of the amounts due to the organization for these materials from buyers in correspondence with account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (Table 5.1).

Table 5.1Typical correspondence of accounts for accounting of material assets

When organizing inventory accounting, special attention is paid to reflecting transportation and procurement costs in accounting.

Transportation and procurement expenses (TZR) of an organization can be taken into account by:

Attribution of goods and materials to a separate account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” according to the supplier’s settlement documents;

Attribution of TZR to a separate sub-account to account 10 “Materials”;

Direct (direct) inclusion of TZR in the actual cost of the material (attachment to the contract price of the material).

The first method of reflecting material inventory can be used only by those organizations that receive materials at accounting prices established by the organization independently.

When accounting for inventory items using the second method, you must first determine the percentage of inventory items to be written off, and then the amount of inventory items that must be written off. The percentage that should be used when writing off such expenses (TZR%) for an increase (increase in price) in the accounting cost of consumed materials is calculated as follows:

TZR % = [(TZR start + TZR month) / (M start + M month)] ?100%,

where TZR beginning is the balance of TZR at the beginning of the month (reporting period);

TRP month – total amount of TRP for the past month (reporting period);

M start – cost of materials at the beginning of the month (reporting period);

M month – cost of materials received during the month (reporting period).

The amount of inventory to be written off for an increase (increase in price) in the accounting value of consumed materials is determined by the formula

TZR list = M pr? TZR%,

where M pr is the cost of materials released into production.

The direct (direct) inclusion of TRP in the actual cost of the material (third method) is advisable in organizations with a small range of materials, as well as in cases of significant importance of individual types and groups of materials.

The specific option for accounting for goods and materials is established by the organization independently and is reflected in the accounting policy.

5.3. Inventory of inventories

The main direction for increasing the efficiency of using inventories is the presence of technically equipped warehouses with modern weighing instruments and devices that allow mechanization and automation of warehouse operations and inventory accounting.

An important condition for the rational use of reserves is strengthening the personal and collective responsibility and material interest of employees of structural divisions. In particular, to ensure control over the safety of inventories, the organization must enter into agreements with employees on full financial responsibility, and carry out timely inventories and inspections.

Inventory is an important method of monitoring the safety of inventories. It allows you to control the correctness of accounting, its reliability and safety of inventories.

An inventory of inventories must be carried out at least once a year and no earlier than October 1. The timing of the inventory is determined directly by the head of the organization.

The Federal Law “On Accounting” obliges an inventory of raw materials and materials to be carried out when preparing annual financial statements, and in all other cases - during the period of the lowest balances of valuables in the accounts.

In accordance with the Regulations on maintaining accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, inventories of inventories are required:

Before preparing annual financial statements;

When transferring the organization’s property for rent, redemption, sale;

When changing the financially responsible person;

If facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are detected;

In case of emergency;

During reorganization or liquidation of the organization;

In case of brigade financial liability when there is a change in the foreman, the departure of more than 50% of its members from the brigade, as well as at the request of one or more brigade members.

The inventory is carried out by a commission appointed by order of the head of the organization, in the presence of a financially responsible person, from whom a receipt has been received stating that by the beginning of the inventory, all valuables have been capitalized by him, all expenditure and receipt documents have been submitted to the accounting department or transferred to the inventory commission.

When taking inventory of inventories, the availability of products and materials is checked on a certain date by recalculating, weighing, determining their volume and comparing actual data with accounting data. An inventory of material reserves should be carried out, as a rule, in the order in which the assets are located in a given room.

During the inventory process, all primary accounting documents are thoroughly checked, as well as the correctness of the decisions made regarding the re-grading of material assets, shortages and surpluses. Also, when auditing the use and safety of inventories in an organization, you should check:

Condition of warehouse facilities;

Safety of inventories, compliance with the procedure for accounting for materials;

Work on rationing the costs of inventories;

Timeliness and correctness of stock inventories, validity of write-off of losses according to the norms of natural loss;

Compliance and correctness of establishing the norm for the free issuance of special clothing, safety shoes and special food.

The values ​​identified during the inventory are entered into the inventory list, based on the data of which a matching statement is then compiled. Inventory assets are entered in the inventory for each individual item, indicating the type, group, quantity and other necessary data (article, grade, etc.).

Inventories are compiled separately for inventory items that are in transit, shipped, not paid on time by buyers, and located in the warehouses of other organizations.

As a result of the inventory, the following can be identified:

Correspondence of the actual availability of inventories to accounting data;

Surplus valuables that are subject to capitalization and inclusion in the organization’s income;

Lack of inventories;

Re-grading.

Shortages and losses from damage to material assets are taken into account in account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.”

Discrepancies identified during the inventory between the actual availability of inventories and accounting data are reflected in the accounts in the following order:

Analytical accounting of shortages, thefts and damage to inventories is kept in account 94 for each type of inventory. At the same time, for values ​​that are listed as in short supply and for which norms of natural loss have been established, the shortage is calculated within the limits of norms of natural loss.

In case of shortage, damage or theft of material resources before they are released into production (operation) and the moment of payment, the amount of value added tax indicated in the primary documents upon their acquisition, which is not subject to reimbursement in accordance with tax legislation, is recorded as follows in the accounting accounts :

In the event of a shortage, damage or theft of material resources before they are released into production (operation), but after their payment, the amount of value added tax that is not subject to offset in accordance with tax legislation, but has previously been reimbursed to the budget, is restored to the credit of account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees." In this case, the following entries are made in the accounting accounts:

The shortage within the limits of natural loss norms is written off as production costs, and in excess of the established norms it is assigned, as a rule, to the financially responsible person by order of the head of the organization.

In these cases, the following entries are made in accounting:

It is possible to significantly improve the accounting of inventories by improving the documents and accounting registers used, i.e. by making wider use of accumulative documents (limit cards, statements, etc.), preliminary issuance of documents on computers, warehouse accounting cards as an expense document on released materials, etc.

5.4. Accounting for the formation of reserves for reducing the value of material assets

Clause 25 of PBU 5/01 establishes that inventories are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year minus the reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets if:

Inventories are outdated;

Inventories have completely or partially lost their original quality;

The market price for inventories decreased during the reporting year.

The reserve for reduction in the cost of materials is formed for the difference between the current market value of inventories and their actual cost.

In the Chart of Accounts, a special synthetic account 14 with the same name is allocated to reflect the amounts of this reserve. A reserve is created in cases where the market (sales) price falls below the purchase price (cost).

Account 14 “Reserves for reduction in the value of material assets” is intended to summarize information about reserves for deviations in the cost of raw materials, supplies, fuel and other assets, determined on the accounting accounts, from the market value. The formation of the reserve is reflected in the credit of account 14 “Reserves for reduction in the value of material assets” and the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”. At the beginning of the period following the period in which, according to the current Chart of Accounts, this entry was made, the reserved amount is restored: debit to account 14 and credit to account 91.

The reserve created for the reduction in the value of material assets is not reflected in the balance sheet, since the material assets for which such reserves were created are shown in the balance sheet in an adjusted estimate minus the amount of the reserve.

It should be noted that account 14 is used to summarize information about reserves for cost deviations not only for account 10 “Materials”, but also for other assets in circulation - work in progress, finished goods, goods, etc. Therefore, when drawing up a balance sheet for year, the amount of the reserve for reducing the cost of material assets (balance on account 14) is compared with the balance on accounts 10 “Materials”, 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 43 “Finished products”, 41 “Goods”. After such a comparison, material assets are reflected in the balance sheet in a net valuation - by analogy with non-current assets, investments in shares of other organizations listed on the stock exchange, accounts receivable, for which reserves for doubtful debts are created.

Analytical accounting for account 14 “Reserves for reduction in the value of material assets” is carried out for each reserve.

Example

The balance of account 10 “Materials” at the end of the reporting period is 100,000 rubles. The market value of the remaining materials in the organization’s warehouse is 90,000 rubles.

At the end of the reporting period, the following entries are made:

In the balance sheet, the asset item “Materials” will be valued at 90,000 rubles.

At the beginning of the next reporting period, the created amount of the reserve for the reduction in the value of material assets will be canceled by the entry:

Dt invoice 14, Kt invoice 91–10,000 rub.

The current market price of inventories is calculated on the basis of information received before the date of signing the financial statements. Estimated reserves are checked before preparing annual reports during an inventory. If necessary, the reserve amount is adjusted upward or downward.

Information on the amount and movement of reserves for reducing the value of material assets is subject to disclosure, taking into account the materiality in the financial statements of the organization (clause 27 of PBU 5/01).

5.5. Goods accounting

Goods – this is part of the organization's inventory, acquired or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without additional processing.

Inventory assets purchased for sale are accounted for in active account 41 “Goods”. Currently, trade organizations can keep records of goods at purchase prices (in wholesale trade) and at sales prices (in retail trade and public catering). That is why the organization of goods accounting at retail and wholesale trade enterprises may differ slightly.

Wholesale trade organizations, in accordance with the Chart of Accounts, determine the result from the sale of goods on account 90 “Sales” as the difference between the sale and purchase prices of goods and distribution costs. Retail trade organizations, in addition to account 41 “Goods,” use account 42 “Trade margin” to bring the purchase price of goods to the selling price.

Account 41 “Goods” is intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of inventory items purchased as goods for sale. This account is used mainly by supply, sales and trading organizations, as well as catering organizations.

In industrial and other production organizations, account 41 “Goods” is used in cases where any products, materials, products are purchased specifically for sale or when the cost of finished products purchased for assembly at industrial enterprises is not included in the cost of manufactured products, but is subject to refunded by buyers separately.

An important criterion for organizing the accounting of goods in account 41 “Goods” is their actual presence in the organization’s warehouse, i.e., their actual presence under the control of its financially responsible persons. Hence, the transfer of goods to third parties while maintaining ownership of them requires, on the one hand, their reflection on the balance sheet, and on the other hand, debiting from account 41 “Goods”. The chart of accounts allocates a special account 45 “Goods shipped” to reflect goods transferred to third parties in pursuance of a supply agreement or for sale under commission agreements, commission agreements or agency agreements.

Goods transferred for processing to other organizations are not written off from account 41 “Goods”, but are accounted for separately.

Goods accepted for safekeeping are accounted for in off-balance sheet account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping.” Goods accepted for commission are accounted for in off-balance sheet account 004 “Goods accepted for commission.”

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 41 “Goods”:

41-1 “Goods in warehouses” - takes into account the availability and movement of inventory located at wholesale and distribution bases, warehouses, storerooms of organizations providing public catering services, etc.;

41-2 “Goods in retail trade” - takes into account the availability and movement of goods located in organizations engaged in retail trade (in shops, tents, stalls, kiosks, etc.) and in buffets of organizations engaged in public catering. The same sub-account takes into account the presence and movement of glassware (bottles, cans, etc.) in organizations engaged in retail trade and in buffets of organizations providing catering services;

41-3 “Containers under goods and empty” – the presence and movement of containers under goods and empty containers is taken into account (except for glassware in retail organizations and in buffets of organizations providing catering services);

41-4 “Purchased products” - organizations carrying out industrial and other production activities using account 41 “Goods” take into account the availability and movement of goods (in relation to the procedure provided for accounting for inventories).

Goods can come from suppliers, consignors, sponsors, founders as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital. The posting of goods and containers arriving at the warehouse is reflected in the debit of account 41 in correspondence with account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” at the cost of their acquisition (Table 5.2). An organization engaged in the retail trade of goods at sales prices simultaneously with this entry makes an entry to the debit of account 41 and the credit of account 42 “Trade margin” for the difference between the acquisition cost and the cost at sales prices (discounts, markups).

Table 5.2Typical correspondence of invoices for receipt of goods

Analytical accounting for account 41 “Goods” is carried out by responsible persons, names (grades, lots, bales), and, if necessary, by storage locations of goods.

Goods that are the property of the organization, in accordance with clause 5 of PBU 5/01, are accepted for accounting at actual cost. Section II of this PBU sets out in detail the procedure for determining the actual cost of goods:

Purchased for a fee;

Contributions made to the statutory (stock) material;

Received free of charge;

Acquired under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-cash.

Valuing the value of goods consists of choosing the accounting price, i.e. the price at which goods are received and written off. Based on the requirements of PBU 5/01, two options for accounting prices for goods are possible:

1) acquisition cost: full (including all costs); incomplete (without procurement and delivery costs);

2) sales: the full purchase price plus a markup; incomplete acquisition cost plus extra charge. This option may only be available to retail organizations.

The sale of goods is regulated by various types of contracts: supply, retail purchase and sale, commission, barter, etc.

To correctly determine the proceeds from a sale, it is of great importance to determine the moment of sale of goods, i.e., the moment from which goods shipped or released to the buyer are considered sold. From an accounting point of view, the moment of sale can also be defined as the time when the organization has the right (and must) credit account 90-1 “Revenue”.

For accounting purposes, the moment of sale of goods coincides with the moment of transfer of ownership of goods from the seller to the buyer.

For VAT purposes, the moment of determining the tax base is the earliest of the following dates:

Day of shipment (transfer) of goods to the buyer;

The day of payment for goods (for non-cash payments) is the receipt of funds for goods in bank accounts, and when paying in cash, the receipt of money at the cash desk.

For income tax purposes in accordance with Art. 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the moment of sale of goods is the day of shipment of goods to the buyer, subject to the transfer of ownership of these goods to him.

But as an exception to this rule, Art. 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes that for organizations whose average amount of net revenue from the sale of goods (excluding VAT) over the previous four months does not exceed one million rubles for each quarter, the moment of sale of goods is determined using the cash method.

Retail trade organizations, as noted above, can keep records of goods at purchase or sales prices. The choice of method should be fixed in the order on accounting policies. In the first case, as a general rule, goods are accounted for in the amount of the so-called actual costs of their acquisition, in the second - goods are valued in accounting at the prices of their expected sale.

Most organizations prefer to organize goods accounting using the second method. In this case, the purchase price of goods is reflected in account 41 “Goods”, and the difference between the purchase price of goods (minus VAT) and their selling price including VAT is taken into account in account 42 “Trade margin”.

Account 42 “Trade margin” is passive, has a credit balance, which shows the amount of trade margin attributable to the balance of goods, and is intended to summarize information about trade margins (discounts, markups) on goods in retail organizations, if they are recorded at sales prices .

In public catering organizations, this account takes into account the amounts of trade discounts and mark-ups on food and goods located in pantries, buffets, and kitchens, as well as the amounts of markups added in the established amount to the cost of kitchen and pantry products at sales prices.

The amounts of discounts (mark-ups) in the part related to goods sold are reversed to the credit of account 42 and the debit of account 90 “Sales”, subaccount 2 “Cost of sales” (Table 5.3).

Table 5.3

The amounts of discounts (mark-ups) in the part related to goods sold and released from warehouses and bases are determined according to the issued invoices and are written off (reversed) in a similar manner. The amounts of discounts (mark-ups) relating to unsold goods are clarified on the basis of inventory records by determining the applicable discount (mark-up) on goods in accordance with the established sizes.

In the future, when selling and writing off goods, the amount of trade margins (discounts) on goods sold is calculated at an average percentage.

The average percentage is calculated monthly as follows:

1) the balance at the beginning of the month on account 42 minus the turnover on the debit of account 42 is added to the amount of the markup made for the current period;

2) the balance of goods at the beginning of the month is added to the selling price of goods sold during the reporting period;

3) the ratio of the indicator obtained in point 1 to the indicator obtained in point 2 is multiplied by 100%.

The amount of trade margin attributable to goods sold is determined by multiplying the selling price of goods sold by the average percentage of trade margin (discount).

When writing off the cost of missing and stolen inventory items, the amounts of discounts (markups) related to these values ​​are reflected in entries in the debit of account 42 and the credit of account 98 “Deferred income” (subaccount 4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties, and book value for shortages of valuables").

Reflection of goods at sales prices, as a rule, involves only their cost accounting. The method of accounting for goods at sales prices makes it easy to determine the amount of goods sold. It will fully correspond to the amount of revenue received at the cash desk and recorded by the counters of cash registers when printing receipts. It is also easy to determine the accounting balance of goods at any point in time, which is important for organizing control over their safety.

Analytical accounting for account 42 should provide separate reflection of the amounts of discounts (mark-ups) and differences in prices related to goods in warehouses and bases, in retail organizations and to goods shipped.

Thus, if in the General Ledger of a retail trade organization there is a balance on account 41, then the balance on account 42 must correspond to it and be present.

To summarize information about the costs associated with the sale of goods, that is, distribution costs, trade and public catering organizations use a separate special account 44 “Sales expenses”. Accounting for distribution costs for accounting purposes is regulated by PBU 10/99 “Costs of an organization.”

Account 44 “Sales expenses” is active; the debit of this account takes into account sales expenses from the credit of the corresponding material, settlement and cash accounts; On the credit of the account, these expenses are written off against goods sold. These costs are documented in the following accounting entries (Table 5.4).

Table 5.4Typical correspondence of invoices for the sale of goods and accounting for trade margins

Analytical accounting for account 44 is carried out in the statement of accounting for general business expenses, deferred expenses and sales expenses for the above expense items.

At the end of each month, selling expenses are written off to cost of goods sold. For certain types of products, expenses are charged directly, and if it is impossible to write them off directly, they are distributed in proportion to the production cost of products, the volume of products sold at the organization's wholesale prices or in another way.

If only part of the manufactured products is sold in the reporting month, then the amount of sales expenses is distributed between sold and unsold products.

In accordance with PBU 10/99, trading organizations have the right to choose one of the options for writing off sales expenses:

– completely in the current reporting period;

- proportional to the cost of goods sold.

It should be taken into account here that only transportation costs are subject to distribution. All other expenses associated with the sale of products, goods, works, services are written off monthly to the cost of products (goods, works, services) sold.

In trade organizations, the amount of distribution and production costs related to the balance of goods at the end of the month is calculated according to the average percentage of distribution and production costs for the reporting month, taking into account the carryover balance at the beginning of the month in the following order:

1) transportation costs for the balance of goods at the beginning of the month and those incurred in the reporting month are summed up;

2) the amount of goods sold in the reporting month and the amount of the balance of goods at the end of the month are determined;

3) the ratio of the amount of distribution and production costs determined in clause 1 to the amount of goods sold and remaining (clause 2) determines the average percentage of distribution and production costs based on the total cost of goods;

4) by multiplying the amount of the balance of goods at the end of the month by the average percentage of these expenses, their amount related to the balance of unsold goods at the end of the month is determined.

At the end of the reporting period, in accordance with clause 22 of PBU 5/01, goods are reflected in the balance sheet at a cost determined based on the methods used to evaluate goods upon disposal (unit cost, average cost, FIFO method). An exception to this rule is goods accounted for at selling price.

In the financial statements regarding the accounting of inventories, at least the following information must be disclosed:

Methods of evaluating goods;

Consequences of changes in the way goods are valued;

The cost of goods pledged;

The amount and movement of reserves for reducing the value of inventories.

Goods that are obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality characteristics, as a result of which their market value has decreased, must be reflected in the balance sheet minus a reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets, which is formed at the expense of the financial results of the organization.

Questions and tasks

1. Define inventories.

2. How are inventories valued?

3. What characteristics form the basis for the classification of inventories?

4. What is the essence of the revolving method of accounting for materials?

5. Which document establishes the rules for the formation of information about materials in accounting?

6. What are the primary accounting documents for the movement of inventories?

7. For what purposes is account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” used?

8. What might change in an organization’s reporting if they start using the average cost method instead of the FIFO method?

9. In the context of which subaccounts is accounting kept under account 10 “Materials”?

10. What is the essence of the operational accounting (balance) method of accounting for materials?

11. What meters are used to record materials?

12. In what cases does inventory disposal occur?

13. What accounting prices are used when accounting for materials?

14. What is reflected in accounting on account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”?

15. What is the economic purpose of account 14 “Reserve for reduction in the value of material assets”?

16. What are the features of accounting for goods?

17. How is the accounting of trade margins organized?

Tests

1. Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the agreement, are taken into account on off-balance sheet accounts in the following assessment:

a) at actual cost;

b) according to the valuation method specified in the accounting policies of the organization;

c) at the cost indicated in the shipping document;

d) at the cost specified in the contract.

2. Materials spent to eliminate the consequences of a natural disaster are written off to the following account:

a) 26 “General business expenses”;

b) 91 “Other income and expenses”;

c) 99 “Profits and losses”.

3. The cost of materials spent on the construction of a new workshop is written off to the accounting accounts:

a) expenses for core activities;

b) investments in non-current assets;

c) operating expenses;

d) net profit of the organization.

4. At what cost should an accountant capitalize inventories received by an organization free of charge:

a) at a negotiated price;

b) at market value on the date of capitalization;

c) at the book price;

d) at actual cost?

5. If the accounting policy of the organization establishes a method for accounting for the acquisition of inventory at actual cost, their receipt is reflected in the account:

a) 10 “Materials”;

b) 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”;

c) 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets.”

6. Inventories are industrial inventories:

a) used in the production process as means of labor;

b) the various material elements of the main production consumed in each production cycle;

c) used as raw materials in the production of products intended for sale and for management purposes.

7. Goods transferred for processing to other organizations are written off by accounting entry:

a) Dt account 60, Kt account 41;

b) Dt account 43, Kt account 41;

c) are not written off from the balance sheet, but are accounted for separately.

8. If, during the inventory, discrepancies are found between accounting data and the actual availability of inventories, the following are compiled:

a) matching statements;

b) inventory records;

c) statements of discrepancies.

9. During the inventory, a shortage of materials of 2,000 rubles was discovered, of which 800 rubles were within the limits of natural loss, and 1,200 rubles were above the norm. The following amount can be written off as production costs:

10. The organization purchased equipment for the purpose of subsequent sale. What accounting entry should the accountant make:

a) Dt account 01.19 Kt account 60;

b) Dt account 08.19 Kt account 60;

c) Dt invoice 41.19 Kt invoice 60?

11. A reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets is created in an organization in cases where:

a) the market price of materials is higher than their book value;

b) the market price of materials is lower than their book value;

c) the market price of materials is lower than their planned cost.

12. If synthetic accounting of materials is carried out at accounting prices, then the receipt of materials is recorded in the accounting entry:

a) Dt account 15, Kt account 60;

b) Dt account 10, Kt account 15;

c) Dt account 10, Kt account 16.

13. One of the main documents for the disposal of inventories is:

a) inventory consumption statement;

b) inventory list;

c) limit-fence card.

14. The accounting unit for inventories is:

a) inventory item;

b) item number;

c) warehouse card.

15. In trade organizations that record goods at sales prices, the write-off of goods is carried out by accounting entries:

a) Dt account 90-2, Kt account 41 and Dt account 42, Kt account 90;

b) Dt account 90-2, Kt account 41 and Dt account 90-2, Kt account 42 (reversal);

c) Dt account 90-2, Kt account 41 and Dt account 42, Kt account 91;

d) Dt account 90-2, Kt account 41 and Dt account 91, Kt account 42 (reversal).

16. The actual cost of materials purchased for a fee includes the following expenses:

a) the planned cost of purchased materials;

b) expenses for office needs;

c) transportation and procurement costs.

17. As a result of natural disasters, damaged materials were identified. To what account are losses written off?

a) Dt account 99 “Profits and losses”;

b) Dt account 91/2 “Other expenses”;

c) Dt account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”?

18. The commission agent records the goods accepted for commission with the following accounting entry:

a) Dt account 41, Kt account 60;

b) Dt account 004;

c) Dt account 43, Kt account 60.

ACCOUNTING FOR INVENTORIES

Let's consider the main issues of accounting for inventories. Let us recall that the following assets are accepted for accounting purposes as inventories (hereinafter referred to as inventories, tangible assets, materials):

Used as raw materials, materials and the like in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

Intended for sale;

Used for the management needs of the organization.

Part of the inventory includes finished products produced by the organization and intended for sale, as well as goods purchased or received from other legal entities or individuals and intended for sale.

Let's start with the documents used to formalize the movement of MPZ.

Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 N 71a “On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting of labor and its payment, fixed assets and intangible assets, materials, low-value and wearable items, work in capital construction” approved, in particular, unified forms for accounting of materials.

To record spare parts, car tires, fuels and lubricants, workwear and other materials, the following forms can be used:

N M-2 “Power of Attorney”;

N M-2a “Power of Attorney”;

N M-4 “Receipt order”;

N M-7 “Act of acceptance of materials”;

N M-8 “Limit-fence card”;

N M-11 “Demand-invoice”;

N M-15 “Invoice for the release of materials to the third party”;

N M-17 “Material Accounting Card”.

To receive material assets directly from suppliers or from transport companies that delivered them, any employee of the organization acts as its authorized representative. To confirm the authority of the employee, a power of attorney of form N N M-2 and M-2a is drawn up. This document is issued in one copy and issued against receipt to the recipient of the power of attorney, and a power of attorney can only be issued to an employee of the organization; issuing powers of attorney to persons not working in the organization is not allowed. The power of attorney must be completely completed and have a sample signature of the person in whose name it is issued.

For materials received under purchase and sale, supply and other similar agreements, the organization receives settlement and accompanying documents from the supplier (shipper). Payment documents include, in particular, payment requests, invoices, and waybills. Accompanying documents are specifications, certificates, quality certificates and other documents (clause 44 of the Guidelines for the accounting of inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines for the accounting of inventories)).

Invoices, waybills, acts and other accompanying documents received by the organization are transferred to the relevant division of the organization as the basis for acceptance and acceptance of materials for accounting (clause 47 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories).

The primary document used to accept received materials for accounting is the receipt order - form N M-4. The document is drawn up by the financially responsible person on the day the material assets arrive at the warehouse if there are no discrepancies between the supplier’s data and the actual data (in terms of quantity and quality). Issued in one copy for the actually accepted amount of material assets.

Instead of a receipt order, the acceptance and posting of materials can be formalized by placing a stamp on the supplier’s document (invoice, invoice, etc.), the imprint of which contains the same details as in the receipt order. In this case, fill in the details of the specified stamp and put the next receipt order number. Such a stamp is equivalent to a receipt order (clause 49 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories).

If quantitative and qualitative discrepancies are detected during acceptance, discrepancies in the assortment with the data of the accompanying documents of suppliers, a materials acceptance certificate is drawn up - form N M-7. This act must also be drawn up when accepting materials received without documents. The act is a legal basis for filing a claim with the supplier or sender.

The act is drawn up in two copies by members of the selection committee. This work must necessarily involve the financially responsible person and a representative of the sender (supplier) or a representative of a disinterested organization.

After acceptance of the valuables, one copy of the act with the documents attached to it is transferred to the accounting department, the other is transferred to the supply department (if there is such a division in the organization) or to the accounting department to send a claim to the supplier. In the case of drawing up an acceptance act, a receipt order is not drawn up (clause 49 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories).

If the organization has established limits on the supply of materials that are systematically consumed in the manufacture of products, then a limit intake card is used - form N M-8. The document is drawn up in two copies for one name of material (one item number), one of which is transferred before the beginning of the month to the consumer of the materials, and the other to the warehouse.

Accounting for the movement of inventories between departments of the organization or between financially responsible persons is carried out using the requirement-invoice form N M-11. The requirement is drawn up in two copies by the financially responsible person of the unit that transfers material assets. One copy serves for writing off valuables by the delivering warehouse, and the second copy serves as the basis for accepting valuables for accounting by the receiving warehouse. Invoices are signed by financially responsible persons of the deliverer and recipient, and then sent to the accounting department.

If materials are issued to divisions of one’s own organization located outside its territory, as well as to third-party organizations on the basis of contracts and other documents, then an invoice for the release of materials to the third party is issued - Form N M-15.

The invoice is issued in two copies on the basis of contracts, orders and other relevant documents upon presentation by the recipient of a power of attorney. The first copy is transferred to the warehouse as a basis for the release of materials, the second - to the recipient of the materials.

Accounting for the movement of materials in the warehouse by grade, type, size is carried out using a materials accounting card - form N M-17. The card is filled out for each item number of the material and is maintained by the financially responsible person. Entries in the card are made only on the basis of primary incoming and outgoing documents on the day of the transaction.

Accounting for inventories is carried out in accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 N 44n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 5/01).

The accounting unit of inventories is chosen by the organization independently. Depending on the type and nature of the inventory, the unit of measurement can be a product number, batch, homogeneous group, and so on (clause 3 of PBU 5/01).

Inventory items are accepted for accounting at actual cost, which depends on the method of receipt of inventory items by the organization (clause 5 of PBU 5/01).

To summarize information on the availability and movement of raw materials, supplies, fuel, spare parts and other material reserves using the Chart of Accounts for accounting the financial and economic activities of an organization and the Instructions for its application, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 N 94n (hereinafter referred to as the Chart of Accounts), account 10 “Materials” is intended, to which the necessary sub-accounts are opened.

The chart of accounts allows for keeping records of materials either at the actual cost of their acquisition or at accounting prices.

If an organization accounts for materials at accounting prices, then the difference between the accounting value and the actual cost of acquisition should be reflected on account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets.”

Receipt of inventories can be reflected using accounts:

15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”;

16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets.”

The chosen method must be fixed by order on the accounting policy of the organization for accounting purposes.

Acceptance for accounting of actually received materials is reflected in the debit of account 10 “Materials” and the credit of account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”.

If the organization does not use accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets,” then the acceptance of inventory for accounting is reflected in the debit of account 10 “Materials” and the credit of accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors,” 20 “ Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" depending on where the inventories came from.

The actual consumption of inventories is reflected in the credit of account 10 “Materials” in correspondence with the debit of the production cost (selling expenses) accounts or other accounts.

When disposal of inventories, their value is written off to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses.”

Materials must be accepted for accounting in the appropriate units of measurement, and the accounting price is set using the same units of measurement. If materials are received by an organization in one unit of measurement and released from the warehouse in another, then the acceptance of materials for accounting and their release are reflected in the primary accounting documents and accounting registers simultaneously in two units of measurement. In this case, first the quantity of materials in the unit of measurement is written down according to the supplier’s documents, and next to it in parentheses the quantity of material in the unit of measurement adopted by the organization.

In cases where reflecting the quantity of materials in two units of measurement is difficult, it is permissible to transfer the materials to another unit of measurement. To do this, a transfer act is drawn up, which indicates the quantity of materials in the unit of measurement specified in the supplier’s documents, in the unit of measurement in which the material will be released from the organization’s warehouse, as well as the accounting price in the new unit of measurement (clause 50 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories ).

Inventories can be acquired by an organization for a fee, produced independently, received as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization, received under donation agreements or free of charge, received under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means, or may remain from disposal of fixed assets and other property of the organization. But the most common method listed is purchasing materials for a fee.

When purchasing inventory for a fee, the actual cost is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes (clause 6 of PBU 5/01, clause 16 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventory).

General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of purchasing inventories, except when they are directly related to their acquisition.

The guidelines for accounting for inventories also contain a list of costs that are included in the actual cost of materials purchased for a fee. The actual cost of materials includes the cost at contract prices, transportation and procurement costs and costs of bringing materials to a state in which they are suitable for use for the purposes provided for by the organization (clause 68 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventory). A breakdown of transportation and procurement costs is given in paragraph 70 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories.

With regard to interest on loans granted and borrowings related to the acquisition of industrial goods, it is also necessary to be guided by the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for expenses on loans and credits” (PBU 15/2008), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 N 107n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 15/2008).

The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation (clause 12 of PBU 5/01).

The organization's expenses associated with the acquisition of raw materials, materials and other inventories are included in expenses for ordinary activities as part of material costs, which follows from clauses 7, 8 of the Accounting Regulations “Organization's Expenses” PBU 10/99 , approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 05/06/1999 N 33n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 10/99).

In accounting, expenses are recognized if the conditions provided for in clause 16 of PBU 10/99 are met.

Expenses are recognized in the reporting period in which they occur. Moreover, the recognition of expenses does not depend on the time of actual payment of funds and other forms of implementation (assuming the temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity) (clause 18 of PBU 10/99).

For the purpose of taxing the profits of organizations, expenses, depending on their nature, the conditions of implementation and areas of activity of the taxpayer, are divided into expenses associated with production and sales, and non-operating expenses (clause 2 of Article 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (TC RF)).

Costs associated with production and sales include material costs, labor costs, accrued depreciation and other costs (clause 2 of Article 253 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Material expenses include, in particular, expenses (clause 1 of Article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

For the purchase of raw materials and (or) materials used in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services) and (or) forming their basis or being a necessary component in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services);

For the purchase of materials used for other production and economic needs (testing, control, maintenance, operation of fixed assets and other similar purposes);

For the purchase of tools, devices, equipment, instruments, laboratory equipment, workwear and other personal and collective protective equipment provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and other property that is not depreciable property. The cost of such property is included in material costs in full as it is put into operation.

The cost of inventories included in material costs is determined based on their purchase prices (excluding VAT and excise taxes, except for cases provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), including:

Commissions paid to intermediary organizations;

Import duties and fees;

Transportation costs;

Other costs associated with the acquisition of inventories.

If some expenses with equal grounds can be attributed simultaneously to several groups of expenses, the taxpayer has the right to independently determine which group he will attribute certain expenses to, such a right is granted to him in paragraph 4 of Art. 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

It should be noted that the procedure for determining the value of inventories included in material expenses for profit tax purposes approximately coincides with the procedure for determining the value of inventories for accounting purposes. In both cases, the list of expenses remains open, which makes it possible, for accounting purposes and for the purpose of calculating income tax, to establish the same procedure for the formation of the initial cost of inventories. And this, in turn, will avoid the formation of differences between the two types of accounting when writing off inventories into production.

However, if inventories are acquired by an organization using borrowed or credit funds, differences cannot be avoided. This will happen because expenses in the form of interest on debt obligations of any type, regardless of the nature of the credit or loan provided (current or investment), for profit tax purposes are included in non-operating expenses not related to production and sales (clause 2, clause 1 Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

When releasing inventories into production, as well as when they are otherwise disposed of, the assessment of inventories is carried out in one of three ways (clause 16 of PBU 5/01, clause 73 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories):

At the cost of each unit;

At average cost;

At the cost of the first acquisitions of inventories (FIFO method).

The application of one of the listed write-off methods is carried out for a certain group of inventories based on the assumption of the consistency of application of accounting policies. When forming the accounting policy of an organization, it is assumed that the adopted accounting policy is applied consistently from one reporting year to another, this is the assumption of the consistency of application of the accounting policy, which follows from clause 5 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU 1/2008 ), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 N 106n.

For each group of inventories during the reporting period, one assessment method should be used (clause 21 of PBU 5/01).

At the end of the reporting period, the assessment of inventories is carried out depending on the accepted method for assessing inventories upon their disposal (clause 22 of PBU 5/01).

According to the Chart of Accounts, the actual consumption of materials is reflected in the credit of account 10 “Materials” in correspondence with the debit of the production cost (selling expenses) accounts or other relevant accounts.

When materials are disposed of (sold, written off, transferred free of charge, etc.), their cost is written off to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses,” subaccount 91-2 “Other expenses.”

As a rule, the cost of each unit is used to evaluate inventories used by the organization in a special manner, or inventories that cannot normally replace each other (clause 17 of PBU 5/01). When writing off spare parts for cars, this particular write-off method should be used, since it is quite obvious that in most cases a spare part from one car model cannot be supplied to another model.

When releasing into production or otherwise writing off inventories at the cost of each unit of inventories, the following options are used for calculating the cost of a unit of inventories (clause 74 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories):

Including all costs associated with the acquisition of inventories;

Including only the cost of MPZ at a negotiated price (simplified version).

The simplified version is applied only in cases where it is not possible to directly attribute transportation, procurement and other costs associated with the acquisition of materials and materials to their cost (for example, with a centralized supply of materials).

The difference between the actual costs of purchasing inventories and their contract price in the simplified version is distributed in proportion to the cost of written-off (issued) inventories, calculated in contract prices.

The assessment of inventories using the average cost method is carried out for each group or type of inventories by dividing the total cost of the group or type of inventories by their number. The total cost and quantity consist of the cost and balance at the beginning of the month and the received inventories during the month (clause 18 of PBU 5/01, clause 75 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories).

The method of average estimates of actual costs can be used (clause 78 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories):

Based on the average monthly actual cost (weighted estimate), which includes the quantity and cost of inventories at the beginning of the month, and all receipts for the month (reporting period);

By determining the actual cost of inventory at the time of its release (rolling estimate), the calculation of the average estimate includes the quantity and cost of inventory at the beginning of the month, and all receipts until the release of inventory.

The option for calculating average estimates of the actual cost of materials should be provided for in the order on the organization's accounting policy, while the use of a rolling estimate must be economically justified and provided with the necessary computer technology.

The method of writing off at cost the first acquired inventory, the so-called FIFO method, is that the inventory is used for a month or another period in the sequence of its acquisition. In other words, inventories that are the first to enter production should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventories listed at the beginning of the month. The assessment of inventories in the warehouse at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of goods, works, products, and services sold takes into account the cost of earlier acquisitions (clause 19 of PBU 5/01, clause 76 of the Guidelines according to inventory accounting).

For the purpose of calculating corporate income tax when determining material costs when writing off raw materials, materials used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services, the following assessment methods can be used (clause 8 of Article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

At the cost of a unit of inventories;

At average cost;

At the cost of the first acquisitions (FIFO method);

Based on the cost of recent acquisitions (LIFO method).

The organization must choose one of the proposed methods and consolidate it in the order on the organization’s accounting policy for tax purposes.

Please note that the LIFO method has not been used in accounting for a long time (since 01/01/2008), but it is used in tax accounting. In order to avoid the occurrence of differences between accounting and tax accounting data, it is advisable to establish the same assessment methods for assessing inventories when writing them off and enshrining the decision made in the order on the organization’s accounting policy.

As is known, to ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of inventories, during which their availability, condition and valuation are checked and documented. The obligation to conduct inventories is established by Federal Law of November 21, 1996 N 129-FZ “On Accounting”.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13, 1995 N 49 approved the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial liabilities (hereinafter referred to as Guidelines N 49).

When inventorying inventories, the commission, in the presence of financially responsible persons, verifies the actual availability of inventories by obligatory recalculation, reweighing, and remeasurement. It is not allowed to enter data on the balances of inventories into the inventory from the words of financially responsible persons; it is also not allowed to enter data into the inventory according to accounting data without checking the actual presence of values ​​(clause 3.17 of Methodological Instructions No. 49).

As a rule, the organization’s activities are not suspended during the inventory, and materials and materials continue to flow into the organization during the inventory. Incoming valuables are accepted by financially responsible persons in the presence of members of the commission, and are accounted for according to the register or commodity report after the inventory.

Inventory received during the inventory is entered into a separate inventory, indicating the date of receipt, the name of the supplier, the date and number of the receipt document, the name of the goods received, their quantity, price and amount. On the receipt document, an entry is made “after inventory” and the date of the inventory is indicated in which the received values ​​are recorded (clause 3.18 of Methodological Instructions No. 49).

If the inventory process takes a long time, then in exceptional cases and only with the written permission of the head and chief accountant of the organization, inventory items can be released from the warehouse, also in the presence of commission members. At the same time, a separate inventory is also drawn up by analogy with the documents received during the inventory (clause 3.19 of Methodological Instructions No. 49).

Separate inventories are compiled for inventories that are in transit, shipped but not paid for by buyers, and located in the warehouses of other organizations. The inventory of the listed values ​​consists of checking the validity of the amounts listed in the relevant accounting accounts (clauses 3.20, 3.21 of Methodological Instructions No. 49).

Valuables belonging to the organization, but stored in the warehouses of other organizations, are entered into the inventory on the basis of documents confirming the delivery of these valuables for safekeeping. In this case, the name of the valuables, their quantity, grade, cost, date of acceptance for storage, storage location, numbers and dates of documents are indicated (clause 3.23 of Methodological Instructions No. 49).

An inventory of valuables in use (such valuables, in particular, includes workwear issued to employees of the organization) is carried out at the locations and financially responsible persons in whose custody these valuables are located. When making an inventory of items issued for individual use to employees, it is allowed to draw up group inventories indicating in them the persons responsible for the items for which personal cards have been opened. Responsible persons sign the inventory.

Items of workwear sent for washing and repair are recorded in the inventory on the basis of statements - invoices or receipts of organizations providing washing and repair services (clause 3.25 of Methodological Instructions No. 49).

Items that have fallen into disrepair and are not written off at the time of the inventory are not included in the inventory. In this case, an act should be drawn up indicating the time of operation, reasons for unsuitability, and the possibility of using these items for economic purposes.

To document the inventory and record its results, the following forms have been approved:

Unified forms of primary accounting documentation for recording cash transactions, for recording inventory results (Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated August 18, 1998 N 88);

Unified form of primary accounting documentation N INV-26 “Record of results identified by inventory” (Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated March 27, 2000 N 26).

Bibliography

1. Tax Code of the Russian Federation (part two): Federal Law of 05.08.2000 N 117-FZ.

2. On accounting: Federal Law of November 21, 1996 N 129-FZ.

3. On approval of the Guidelines for accounting of inventories: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n.

4. On approval of the Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations and Instructions for its application: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 N 94n.

5. On approval of the Accounting Regulations (together with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU 1/2008), the Accounting Regulations “Changes in Estimated Values” (PBU 21/2008)): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10. 2008 N 106n.

6. On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Organization Expenses” PBU 10/99: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 05/06/1999 N 33n.

7. On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 N 44n.

8. On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for expenses on loans and credits“ (PBU 15/2008)“: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 N 107n.

9. On approval of the unified form of primary accounting documentation N INV-26 “Statement of records of results identified by inventory”: Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated March 27, 2000 N 26.

10. On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for recording cash transactions and recording inventory results: Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated August 18, 1998 N 88.

11. On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting of labor and its payment, fixed assets and intangible assets, materials, low-value and wearable items, work in capital construction: Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 N 71a.

Inventories include the following assets:

Used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

Intended for sale (including finished products; goods purchased for resale);

Used for the management needs of the organization.

In accounting inventories are reflected in the following accounts and subaccounts:

1) materials (balance sheet account 10), including:

Raw materials and supplies (subaccount 10/1);

Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts (subaccount 10/2);

Fuel (subaccount 10/3);

Containers and packaging materials (subaccount 10/4);

Spare parts (sub-account 10/5);

Other materials - production waste (stumps, scraps, shavings, etc.), irreparable defects, material assets received from the disposal of fixed assets and unsuitable for further use (scrap metal, scrap materials, etc.), worn tires, scrap rubber (subaccount 10/6);

Materials transferred for processing to third parties (subaccount 10/7);

Construction materials of customer-developers (subaccount 10/8);

Inventory and household supplies (subaccount 10/9);

2) goods purchased for further resale (balance sheet account 41), including:

Goods in warehouses (subaccount 41/1);

Goods in retail trade (subaccount 41/2);

Containers under the goods and empty (subaccount 41/3);

Purchased products (subaccount 41/4) - for non-trading organizations;

3) finished products (balance sheet account 43).

The organization selects accounting units for inventory (by type, group, purpose) independently and secures them in. This can be a product number, batch, homogeneous group, etc.

Formation of the actual cost of inventories

Accepted for accounting purposes actual cost.

The actual cost of inventories acquired for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

TO actual costs for the purchase of inventories include:

1) amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);

2) amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

3) customs duties;

4) non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventories;

5) remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which the inventories were acquired;

6) costs for the procurement and delivery of materials to the place of their use:

For the procurement and delivery of inventories;

For transport services for the delivery of materials and equipment to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price established by the contract;

Accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan);

Insurance costs;

7) the costs of bringing MPZ to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. This includes the organization’s costs for additional work, sorting, packaging and improving the technical characteristics of received stocks, not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;

8) general business and other similar expenses directly related to the acquisition of inventories;

9) other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

Transportation and procurement costs can be taken into account in a special subaccount to account 10 and distributed at the end of the month between inventories written off for production and the remaining inventories in warehouses.

Example . The opening balance on subaccount 10/1 “Materials at negotiated prices” is 3800 rubles, on subaccount 10/11 “Transportation and procurement costs” - 2700 rubles.

During the reporting period:

Materials received in the amount of 60,000 rubles. (VAT is not taken into account);

Paid for services provided by the transport organization for the delivery of materials to the organization's warehouse - 1180 rubles, incl. VAT - 18%;

Paid for the services of intermediaries for the purchase of materials - 4720 rubles, incl. VAT - 18%;

Material assets were released into production at negotiated prices in the amount of 55,000 rubles.

We will determine the actual cost of harvested material assets for the reporting period and calculate the share of transportation and procurement costs related to materials released into production, and also compile accounting records for these business transactions (Tables 14 and 15).

Table 14

Actual cost of material assets for the reporting period

Indicators	Materials, rub. (subaccount 10/1)	Transport procurement expenses, rub. (sub-account 10/11)
Balance at the beginning of the month
Received within a month		1 000 4 000
Total receipts including balance
Percentage of TZR from the cost of materials	(7700: 63,800) x 100 = 12.07%
Released into production
Balance at the end of the month

Table 15

Accounting records for completed transactions

Operation			Sum, rub.
Materials received
Services provided by transport organization
The transport organization presented VAT
Purchase intermediary services materials
VAT claimed by intermediaries
Materials released into production
Inventory and equipment attributable to materials were written off used in production
Paid for the services of the transport organization
Paid services of intermediaries

Trade organizations may not include in the actual cost of purchased goods the costs of procurement and delivery of goods incurred before the goods are transferred for sale. A trading enterprise may include these costs as part of sales expenses (clause 13 of PBU 5/01).

When purchasing inventories for a fee, the costs associated with this are reflected directly in the debit of the inventory accounts: 10 “Materials”, 11 “Animals for growing and fattening”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 41 “Goods”.

Account 15 is used in cases where organizations use planned (accounting) prices, which are developed and approved by the organization and are intended for use only within the organization. The debit of balance sheet account 15 reflects the actual cost of incoming inventories (D-t 15 K-t 60, 76, 71), and the credit shows the cost of inventories in planned prices (D-t 10 K-t 15). Deviations of planned prices from the actual cost of inventories are written off as a debit or credit to balance sheet account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”:

Dt 15 Kt 16 - the excess of the book price over the actual cost of inventories is written off

or D-t 16 K-t 15 - the excess of the actual cost of inventories over the book price is written off.

At the end of the month, the total amount of deviations accumulated on account 16 is distributed between the cost of written-off (retired) inventories and the cost of their balance in warehouses. Examples of calculating the distribution of deviations (standard and simplified) are given in Appendix No. 3 to Methodological Instructions No. 119n.

Actual cost of inventories during their manufacture, the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories are carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the relevant types of products.

Example . The main product of the sugar factory, manufactured for outsourcing, is sugar. The sugar factory includes a confectionery shop. Self-produced sugar serves as the raw material for this workshop. Finished products, in the part intended for own consumption, are accepted for accounting under account 43 “Finished products” at the actual cost, equal to the amount of the actual costs of their production.

In March, the actual production cost of sugar was 10 rubles. per 1 kg of finished products. In total, 150,000 kg of sugar were produced in March. From the products manufactured in March, 900 kg of sugar were transferred to the confectionery shop.

The following entries were made in the accounting records of the sugar factory in March:

D-t 20 K-t 02, 10, 70, 69, 60, 76, etc. - RUB 1,500,000. - reflects the actual costs of sugar production in March;

D-t 43 K-t 20 - 1,500,000 rub. - reflects the actual cost of sugar produced;

D-t 10 K-t 43 - 9000 rub. - reflects the cost of finished products transferred to the confectionery shop for use as raw materials (900 kg x 10 rubles).

Inventory accounting

Goods intended for resale, are reflected in accounting and reporting:

At purchase prices in wholesale trade organizations (debit balance on balance sheet account 41);

According to the actual cost of finished products - in non-trading organizations that sell finished products through their own retail outlets (debit balance on account 41);

At purchase or sale prices in retail organizations. If an organization accounts for goods at purchase prices, when preparing financial statements, the balance sheet reflects the debit balance on balance sheet account 41, and if at sales (retail) prices, the balance sheet reflects the debit balance on account 41 minus the credit balance on account 42. This is due with the fact that when selling prices are applied, the trade margin is reflected in the credit of balance sheet account 42 “Trade margin”:

D-t 41 K-t 60 - goods are capitalized at supplier prices;

D-t 41 K-t 42 - trade margin is reflected;

At acquisition cost, which includes purchase prices and transportation costs for delivery of goods;

At acquisition cost, including purchase prices, transportation costs for delivery of goods and other costs associated with the acquisition of goods.

Selected method of determining the cost of goods the organization establishes in its accounting policies.

If the organization does not reflect transportation costs for delivery in the cost of purchased goods, in order to bring accounting and tax accounting closer together, these costs can be written off according to the rules established by Art. 320 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, i.e. include in the distribution costs of the reporting month in the share attributable to goods sold in that month. In this case, transportation costs for the remaining goods are calculated using the formula:

TP = Co x (TPn + TPt) / (Sp + Co),

where TR - transportation costs for the balance of goods at the end of the reporting month;

TRn - the amount of transport costs for the balance of goods at the beginning of the reporting month (transport costs not written off to the cost of sales in the previous reporting period);

TRt - transport costs of the current reporting month;

Co - the cost of the balance of inventory at the end of the reporting month in accounting prices;

Cn - cost of goods sold during the reporting month (cost of goods sold in accounting prices).

Example . Let's look at an example of reflecting inventory in a trading organization. Please note how shipping costs are determined.

Table 16

Operations of the organization to reflect inventory

	Product, rub. (balance count 41)	Transport expenses for delivery, rub. (balance count 44)
1. Balance at the beginning of the month
2. Received within a month
3. Products sold per month
4. Balance of goods at the end of the month
5. Indicator for calculating proportions	2 000 000 (item 3 + item 4)	220 000 (item 1 + item 2)
6. Percentage of transportation costs for the balance of goods: (220,000: 2,000,000) x 100 = 11%
7. Transport costs for the balance of goods (clause 4 x clause 6)
8. Transportation costs subject to write-off in the current month (items 5 - 7)

Finished product accounting

Finished products accounted for by name with separate accounting for distinctive features (brands, articles, standard sizes, models, styles, etc.). Finished products are accounted for at actual production costs. The cost of production is the costs of its production and sale expressed in monetary terms.

The costs of producing finished products are grouped:

By place of origin - by production workshops, sections, other structural divisions;

By type of product (work, service) - to determine the cost of specific types of product (work, service);

By type of expense - by cost elements and costing items. Elements of production costs - material costs (less returnable waste), labor costs, social contributions, depreciation of fixed assets, other costs (postal, telephone, travel, etc.). The objects of calculation are individual products, their groups, semi-finished products, the cost of which is determined. A typical grouping of costs by costing items is given in Table. 17.

Table 17

Typical grouping of costs by costing items

	Article title
	Raw materials
	Returnable waste (subtracted)
	Purchased products, semi-finished products and manufacturing services nature of third parties
	Fuel and energy for technological needs
	Wages of production workers
	Contributions for social needs
	Expenses for preparation and development of production
	General production expenses
	General running costs
	Losses from marriage
	Other production costs
	Production cost of products (sum p. 1 - 11)
	Business expenses
	Total cost of production (sum of pages 1 - 12)

To account for finished products (GP) they are used discount prices. The following can be used as the accounting price of GP:

Actual production cost;

Standard cost;

Negotiated prices;

Other types of prices.

The choice of accounting price is fixed in the accounting policies.

When using standard costs or contract prices, the organization takes into account deviations of standard costs from actual ones in a special subaccount to balance sheet account 43 “Finished products”. Deviations are taken into account by product range or individual groups of finished products or by the organization as a whole. The excess of the actual cost is reflected in the debit of the deviations subaccount to account 43 and the credit of the cost accounting account (20, 23 or 29). If the actual cost is lower than the book value, the difference is reflected in a reversal entry.

If finished products are written off at the time of shipment (release, etc.) at accounting prices, deviations are written off to sales accounts in proportion to the cost of products sold at accounting prices. In any case of using accounting prices, the following relationship always holds:

Cost of finished products in accounting prices + Deviations = Actual production cost of finished products.

When accounting for finished products at standard (planned) cost, balance sheet account 40 “Output of finished products” can be used. In this case, the debit reflects the actual cost of finished products, and the credit reflects the standard cost of manufactured products. The excess of the standard cost over the actual cost (savings) is reflected by the reversal entry: Dt 90/2 Kt 40. The excess of the actual cost over the standard cost (overexpenditure) is reflected by the posting Dt 90/2 Kt 40. Please note: balance sheet account 40 There is no balance at the end of the month.

Example . According to the organization's accounting policies:

Accounting for finished products is carried out at standard cost without using balance sheet account 40;

The actual cost of producing a unit of production is determined at the end of the month;

Finished products are accounted for in subaccount 43/1;

Deviations in product costs are reflected in subaccount 43/2;

Deviations are taken into account for the enterprise as a whole.

Table 18

Initial data

Index	To the beginning months		Finally months
Unfinished production
Finished products
Implementation
Sales price including VAT
The amount of deviations in the balance of finished goods products
Standard unit cost products
Actual unit cost products

Task: to reflect the production and sale of products in accounting. The following entries will be made in accounting:

D-t 43/1 K-t 20 - 3,000,000 rub. - finished products are accepted for accounting at standard cost (3000 units x 1000 rubles);

D-t 90/2 K-t 43/1 - 2,700,000 rub. - the standard cost of sold finished products was written off (2,700 units x 1,000 rubles);

Dt 43/2 Kt 20 - (30,000 rub.) - reversal of deviations in the cost of production ((990 - 1000) rub. x 3000 units).

In table Figure 19 shows the distribution of deviations.

Table 19

Deviation distribution

	Index	Accounting prices, rub.	Actual cost price, rub.	Deviations, rub.
	The balance of finished products on beginning of the month
	Received from production
	Deviation ratio, % ((-20,000: 3,200,000) x 100)
	Products shipped		2 683 125 (2 700 000 - 16 875)	16 875 -(2,700,000 x 0,625%)
	The balance of finished products on the end of the month		496 875 (500 000 - 3125)	3 125 -(500,000 x 0,625%)

The following entry will be made in the accounting records:

D-t 90/2 K-t 43/2 - (RUB 16,875) - reversal of deviations attributable to sold products.

Example . Let's change the conditions of the previous example in terms of accounting policies: the organization accounts for finished products at standard cost using balance sheet account 40. The following entries should be reflected in the accounting records:

D-t 43 K-t 40 - 3,000,000 rub. - finished products are accepted for accounting at standard cost (3000 units x 1000 rubles);

D-t 62 K-t 90/1 - 4,779,000 rub. - sales of finished products are reflected (2700 units x 1770 rubles);

D-t 90/3 K-t 68 - 729,000 rub. - VAT was calculated on products sold (RUB 4,779,000 x 18/118);

D-t 90/2 K-t 43 - 2,700,000 rub. - the standard cost of sold finished products was written off (2,700 units x 1,000 rubles);

D-t 40 K-t 20 - 2,970,000 rub. - reflects the actual cost of products manufactured per month (3000 units x 990 rubles);

D-t 90/2 K-t 40 - (30,000 rub.) - reversal of the excess of standard cost over actual cost (2,970,000 - 3,000,000).

Write-off of inventories

In accounting and reporting, the subsequent cost of inventories is formed depending on what is accepted in the organization method for valuing disposal inventories: at the cost of each unit, at the average cost or at the cost of the first inventory items acquired in time (FIFO). An organization can use different methods of writing off inventories by their groups (types).

Example . The main raw material for the bakery is flour. In table 20 shows an extract from the balance sheet for accounting for the movement of flour for December.

Table 20

Extract from the balance sheet of the bakery

						Remainder, kg
	Quantity, kg	Price, rub.	Price, rub., kop.		Quantity, kg
Remaining on 01.12.2010

Let's consider possible ways to evaluate inventories written off to production, and therefore their balances at the end of the month.

Option 1. Average cost method (weighted estimate):

1) determine the average price of flour received in December (taking into account the remaining flour at the beginning of December):

RUB 921,600 : 84,000 kg = 10.97 rubles;

2) determine the cost of flour released into production in December:

78,000 kg x RUB 10.97 = 855,660 rub.;

3) determine the cost of remaining flour:

921,600 - 855,660 = 65,940 rub.

In the balance sheet at the end of the year (December 31, 2010), the cost of flour, reflected in the debit of balance sheet account 10, will be 65,940 rubles.

Option 2. Average cost method (rolling estimate). The cost of retiring inventories is determined at each date they are released into production. Calculation of the cost of flour written off for production is presented in table. 21.

Table 21

Calculation of the cost of flour written off for production

	Quantity, kg	Price, rub., cop.	Price, rub.	Quantity, kg	Price, rub., kop.	Price, rub.
Remaining on 01.12.2010
Remaining on 02.12.2010					(10 000 + 51 500) : (1000 + 5000) = 10,25
Remaining on 06.12.2010					(10 250 + 105 000) : (1000 + 10 000) = 10,48
Remaining on 09.12.2010			10 250 + 105 000 - 52 400 - 41 920 = 20 930		(20 930 + 66 000) : (2000 + 6000) = 10,87
Remaining on 15.12.2010			20 930 + 66 000 - 54 350 - 21 740 = 10 840		(10 840 + 134 400) : (1000 + 12 000) = 11,17
Remaining on 20.12.2010			10 840 + 134 400 - 67 020 - 55 850 = 22 370		(22 370 + 222 000) : (2000 + 20 000) = 11,11
Remaining on 25.12.2010			22 370 + 222 000 - 66 660 - 99 990 - 66 660 = 11 060		(11 060 + 200 700) : (1000 + 18 000) = 11,15
Remaining on 31.12.2010			11 060 + 200 700 - 111 500 - 55 750 = 44 510		(44 510 + 112 000) : (4000 + 10 000) = 11,18
Remaining on 01.01.2011			44 510 + 112 000 - 89 440 = 67 070

When applying a rolling estimate, the cost of flour written off for production in December amounted to 854,530 rubles, and the cost of flour inventories at the end of the year was 67,070 rubles.

Option 3. FIFO method.

With this method, the inventories that were in balance at the beginning of the month are first written off, then in the sequence of receipt of inventories: from the first batch, then from the second batch, etc.

Inventories are the working capital of an organization, the characteristic feature of which is that they completely transfer their value to the product of labor in one production cycle.

In accordance with PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” (Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44N), the following assets belong to the inventory:

• used as raw materials, materials, in the production of products, works, provision of services;
• intended for sale;
• used for the management needs of the organization.

The accounting unit of inventories is chosen by the organization independently, depending on the nature of inventories, the procedure for their acquisition and use. An inventory unit can be a product number, a batch, or a homogeneous group. Inventory and equipment are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual cost of inventories is determined differently, depending on the source of receipt of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of actual acquisition costs excluding VAT. The actual costs of purchasing inventories include:

• amounts paid in accordance with the contract to suppliers;
• amounts paid for information, consulting and intermediary services;
• customs duties;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the purchase of materials;
• costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs, and accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories;
• costs of bringing MPZ to a state in which they are suitable for use.

In accordance with the Guidelines for accounting for inventories, costs directly related to the procurement process and delivery of materials to the organization form the so-called transportation and procurement costs. Transportation and procurement costs include:

• expenses for loading materials into vehicles and their transportation, payable by the buyer under the contract in excess of the price of these materials;
• expenses for the maintenance of the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, including the cost of remuneration of the organization’s employees directly involved in the procurement, acceptance, storage and release of purchased materials, employees of special procurement offices, warehouses and agencies organized in places of procurement (purchase) of materials, employees directly those engaged in the preparation (purchase) of materials and their delivery (accompaniment) to the organization, deductions for the social needs of these employees;
• expenses for the maintenance of special procurement points, warehouses and agencies organized in procurement areas (except for labor costs with deductions for social needs);
• markups (surcharges), commissions (cost of services) paid to supply, foreign trade and other intermediary organizations;
• fees for storage of materials at places of purchase, at railway stations, piers, and ports;
• interest payments for granted loans and borrowings related to the acquisition of materials before they are accepted for accounting;
• travel expenses for direct procurement of materials;
• the cost of losses on delivered materials in transit (shortages, damage) within the limits of the amounts stipulated by the supply agreement;
• other expenses.

Costs of bringing materials to a state in which they are suitable for use for the purposes envisaged by the organization, include the organization’s costs for processing, processing, refining and improving the technical characteristics of purchased materials that are not related to the production process. The specified work can be performed both by the purchasing organization’s own resources and by third-party organizations. When such work is performed by third parties, the delivery costs include the cost of the work performed and the costs of transportation to the place of work and back, loading and unloading, performed by third parties.

The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Attention should be paid to the fact that the actual cost of materials includes accrued interest on commercial loans and borrowed funds. Moreover, only those accrued before the materials were accepted for accounting can be included in the actual cost. Interest accrued after the materials are accepted for accounting, according to clause 11 of PBU 10/99 “Expenses of the organization,” are included in the other expenses of the organization.

The assessment of materials, the cost of which is expressed in foreign currency upon acquisition, is carried out in Russian rubles by recalculation at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation valid on the date of acceptance of the values ​​for accounting.

The actual cost of inventories contributed to the contribution to the authorized capital is determined based on their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders.

The actual cost of materials manufactured by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with their production.

The actual cost of inventories received under a gift agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred.

In current accounting (in a warehouse), material assets are accounted for at a conditional accounting price, which is the purchase price or the standard (planned) cost of purchase.

Material assets used by the enterprise are classified into the following types: raw materials, basic materials, auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, packaging materials, fuel, spare parts and other assets.

To account for materials, account 10 “Materials” is used, an active, balance sheet account, to which the following sub-accounts are opened:

1. "Raw materials and supplies."
2. “Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts.”
3. "Fuel".
4. "Containers and packaging materials."
5. "Spare parts".
6. "Other materials".
7. “Materials transferred for processing to third parties.”
8. "Construction Materials".
9. "Inventory and household supplies."
10. "Special equipment and clothing in the warehouse."
11. “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation.”

Raw materials and basic materials form the material basis of manufactured products, works and services.

Raw materials are typically products from agriculture and extractive industries.

Auxiliary materials help bring manufactured products to finished products in accordance with established specifications and standards.

Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts are raw materials and materials that have undergone certain stages of processing, but are not classified as finished products.

Containers and packaging materials are a type of inventory intended for packaging, transportation and storage of products.

Fuel and spare parts are valuables used in generating heat, repairing fixed assets, and consumed by own vehicles.

Building materials are used directly in the process of construction and installation work, manufacturing of building parts and structures.

Special equipment and special clothing. In accordance with the Guidelines for accounting of special tools, special devices, special equipment and special clothing (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated December 26, 2002 No. 135N), special equipment includes:

• special tools and devices - technical means that have individual properties and are designed to provide conditions for the production of specific types of products and services;
• special equipment - means of labor repeatedly used in production, which provide conditions for performing specific (non-standard) technological operations;
• workwear - personal protective equipment for workers.

The composition of special tools and special devices includes: tools, dies, molds, molds, rolling rolls, pattern equipment, chill molds, flasks, etc.

Special equipment includes:

• special technological equipment (metalworking, forging, thermal, welding, etc.);
• control and testing apparatus and equipment (stands, consoles, mock-ups of finished products, testing facilities) intended for adjustments, tests of specific products and their delivery to the customer;
• reactor equipment;
• decontamination equipment, etc.

The special clothing includes:

Special clothing, special shoes and safety equipment (overalls, suits, jackets, dressing gowns, short fur coats, various shoes, mittens, goggles, helmets, gas masks, etc.).

According to the accounting policy of the organization, the following materials can be taken into account: inventory, tools, household supplies and other means of labor.

Analytical accounting of material assets is organized by storage locations (warehouses, storerooms) in the context of item numbers, which are assigned to materials according to the nomenclature developed at the enterprise.

Analytical accounting is carried out on materials accounting cards (form No. 17).

11.2. Documentation of the movement of MPZ

Operations for the movement of inventories are documented with a variety of primary documents, the main ones of which are approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a.

The receipt of materials at the enterprise's warehouse is formalized by a receipt order (form M-4), which reflects the name of the material, the quantity received, the conditional price, and the purchase price. It is drawn up by the financially responsible person on the day the valuables are received at the warehouse in one copy, and then transferred to the accounting department along with shipping documents.

If there are discrepancies between the actual quantity and the data specified in the supplier's invoice, a Materials Acceptance Certificate (form M-7) is drawn up. The act is a legal basis for filing claims against the supplier or sender. The act is drawn up in two copies by members of the selection committee with the obligatory participation of the financially responsible person and the supplier’s representative.

In cases of delivery of materials by own vehicles, the basis for their receipt is the consignment note.

The return of material assets from production to the warehouse as unused is issued with an Internal Movement Invoice (forms M-13 and M-14).

The release of material assets for the production of products, works, and services is carried out on the basis of limit cards (Form M-8) and invoice requirements (Form M-11).

Limit cards (form M-8) indicate:

• name of materials subject to release;
• vacation limit;
• actual vacation against the established limit;
• vacation date;
• the balance of the unused limit.

Limit and intake cards are issued in two copies: the first - to the department using the material, the second - to the warehouse. When releasing materials from the warehouse, the department representative signs a copy of the warehouse limit card, and the storekeeper signs a copy of the department limit card.

The sale of material assets is formalized by an invoice for the release of materials to the third party (form M-15). At the end of the month, documents documenting the movement of materials are submitted to the accounting department for accounting verification and processing.

In cases where standard documents are not available, the enterprise is given the right to independently develop receipt and expenditure documents while maintaining the required details in them.

11.3. Organization of materials accounting in warehouses

Accounting for materials in warehouses is carried out by the warehouse manager (storekeeper), with whom an agreement has been concluded on financial responsibility for the valuables entrusted to him.

A storekeeper is hired in agreement with the chief accountant and is released from his position only after a complete inventory of inventory items and their transfer according to an act approved by the head of the organization.

In warehouses (storerooms), quantitative (varietal) accounting of materials is carried out in the context of types of materials and item numbers. Accounting is carried out on materials accounting cards (form M-17), the main details of which are:

• name of the material;
• its item number;
• location (rack, shelf);
• unit of measurement;
• price (registration price).

On cards, records are kept in natural units of measurement. A feature of maintaining warehouse accounting cards is compliance with the following rule - determining a new balance of material after each operation of their movement.

In warehouses, materials are accounted for using the operational balance method. Its essence is that every 5-10 days an accounting employee checks the entries on the materials accounting cards, confirming the results of the check with his signature. On the 1st day of each month, the storekeeper draws up a balance book and submits it to the accounting department for verification and taxation. In accounting, the balance book data is verified with the material flow statement compiled in the accounting department. If discrepancies are identified, records are double-checked until an inventory is taken.

11.4. Accounting for materials in accounting

Depending on the provisions adopted in the Accounting Policy, accounting of materials in the accounting department can be organized according to one of the following options.

In the first accounting option, account 10 “Materials” generates the actual cost of purchased materials excluding VAT.

Settlements with suppliers for supplied values ​​are recorded in account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.

Based on primary documents (receipt orders, supplier invoices, invoices, advance reports on travel expenses of persons involved in the direct acquisition of material assets, bank account statements), the following accounting entry is drawn up for the cost of materials received:

Dt sch. 10 "Materials"

Dt sch. 19 "VAT"

K-t sch. 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”

K-t sch. 51 "Current account".

Based on the fact that in current accounting materials are taken into account at book prices (standard or planned cost), the accounting department reflects on account 10 “Materials” the cost of materials at book prices and deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at book prices. This necessitates the distribution of deviations of the actual cost from the accounting price between the balances of materials in warehouses and those spent on the production of products, works and services.

The distribution is made according to the average percentage of deviations, the size of which is determined as follows:

Where By- percentage of deviations;

Onm- deviation of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices at the beginning of the month, thousand rubles;

Ohm- deviation of the actual cost of materials purchased per month from their cost at discount prices, thousand rubles;

Mnm- cost of materials at the beginning of the month at accounting prices, thousand rubles;

Mm- cost of materials at accounting prices received per month, thousand rubles.

The amount of deviations related to the balance of materials in warehouses is determined as the product of the percentage of deviations by the balance of materials at the end of the month at a conditional price, i.e.

Where Co- the amount of deviations for the balance of materials, thousand rubles;

Mkm- cost of materials at the end of the month at accounting prices, thousand rubles.

The amount of deviations related to the amount of materials spent during the reporting month Ср is determined as the product of the percentage of deviations Po by the cost of materials spent during the reporting month at the accounting price, i.e.

Where Wed- the amount of deviations for materials spent per month, thousand rubles;

Mr- materials consumed per month at the accounting price, thousand rubles.

The calculation of the distribution of deviations is carried out in the statement in the context of types and groups of values. The order of distribution of deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices is shown in table. 11.1.

Table 11.1

Calculation of deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices

No.	Indicators	At the discount price, thousand rubles.	Deviation from the book price , thousand rubles	Actual cost , thousand rubles
	Remaining materials at the beginning of the month
	Received during the reporting month
	Total with remainder
	Average percentage of deviations
	Used in a month
	Balance of materials at the end of the month (item 3 - item 4)

The following accounting entry is made for the cost of materials spent on production:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

The assessment of materials spent on the production of products, works and services is carried out in one of the following ways:

• at the cost of each unit;
• at average cost;
• at the cost of the first in time acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);
• at the cost of the most recent acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).

In the second accounting option, all actual costs for the procurement of materials are taken into account on account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”. The debit of this account reflects the actual costs associated with the purchase of materials, excluding VAT, from the credit of different accounts: 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, 51 “Current account”. The credit of account 15 reflects the standard (planned) cost of purchased and capitalized materials, written off to the debit of account 10 “Materials”. Deviations in the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices are written off to the debit of account 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials.”

The deviations in the cost of materials taken into account on account 16 at the end of the month are subject to distribution between the balances of materials in warehouses and the cost of materials spent on the production of products, works and services in the current month.

The distribution of deviations is carried out similarly to the procedure set out when organizing the accounting of materials according to the first option.

In this case, the following entries are made in the accounts:

1. For the amount of actual costs for the acquisition (procurement) of materials:

Dt sch. 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”

Dt sch. 19 "VAT"

K-t sch. 60, 71, 50, 51.

2. For the cost of materials capitalized in the assessment at standard (planned) cost according to primary documents:

Dt sch. 10 “Materials” - standard (planned) cost of materials

Dt sch. 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials” - for the amount of deviations in the actual cost

K-t sch. 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials” - for the amount of actual costs for the acquisition of materials.

3. For the cost of materials assessed at standard (planned) cost, spent on the production of products, works and services according to primary documents:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

4. For the amount of deviations related to the cost of materials consumed according to accounting calculations:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials.”

5. For the cost of paid supplier invoices according to the bank statement:

Dt sch. 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”

K-t sch. 51 "Current account".

In cases where special tools, special devices, special equipment (special equipment) and special clothing are taken into account as part of material resources, their accounting is organized as follows.

These funds can be acquired by the organization from other persons, including through purchase, donation, receipt as a contribution to the authorized capital, or produced by the organization itself.

Special equipment and protective clothing that are owned by an organization, as well as under economic control or operational management, can be accepted for accounting at actual cost, i.e. in the amount of actual costs of acquisition or procurement without VAT.

The receipt of these funds is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 10/10 “Special equipment and workwear in the warehouse”

Dt sch. 19 "VAT"

K-t sch. 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”

K-t sch. 75 “Settlements with founders”

K-t sch. 98 “Deferred income”.

The transfer of special equipment into operation is carried out on the basis of requirements and is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 10/11 “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation”

K-t sch. 10/10 “Special equipment and workwear in the warehouse.”

If the useful life of special equipment exceeds 12 months, then its cost is repaid in one of the following ways:

• in a linear way;
• proportional to the volume of products produced.

An entry is made for the cost of written-off special equipment:

Dt sch. 25, 26

The cost of workwear is repaid according to industry standards approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated December 18, 1998 No. 51. The following entry is made:

Dt sch. 26 “General business expenses”

K-t sch. 10/11 “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation.”

The under-depreciated cost of special equipment is written off to other expenses of the organization by writing:

K-t sch. 10/11 “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation.”

Expenses for the repair of special equipment and clothing are included in the costs of ordinary activities.

Special equipment and protective clothing that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal, are accounted for on off-balance sheet accounts in the valuation provided for in the contract, or in the valuation agreed with their owner.

Accounting for disposal of materials. Disposal of materials occurs in the following cases:

• when released for the production of products, works and services;
• when sold externally;
• when contributing to the authorized capital;
• when transferred under a gift agreement;
• when transferred under a barter agreement.

Let us consider the procedure for recording each case of disposal of materials in the accounts.

Primary documents on the consumption of materials for the production of products, works and services in the accounting department are subject to accounting verification and processing. Based on these primary documents, a development table for the use of materials by cost areas is compiled. This records the following:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

As mentioned earlier, the assessment of materials used for production is made based on the cost reflected in the accounting policy of the organization.

Sales of materials to third parties are formalized by an order, invoice and invoice. In this case, based on the primary documents, the following entries are made:

1. For the actual cost of materials sold:

Dt sch. 91/2 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

2. For the amount of the invoice presented to the buyer:

Dt sch. 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”

K-t sch. 91/1 “Other income and expenses”

3. For the amount of VAT due to the budget:

By comparing credit and debit entries in account 91 “Other income and expenses”, the financial result of the sale of materials is determined, which is reflected in the entry:

D-t.91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses”

The gratuitous transfer of materials is documented in an act. Materials are written off at actual cost. The following entries are made:

For the actual cost of materials donated:

Dt. 91/2 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

Free transfer of material is subject to value added tax in accordance with clause 1 of Art. 146 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, since in this case there is a transfer of ownership of goods, work performed and services provided.

An entry is made for the amount of VAT due to the budget:

Dt. 91/2 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees.”

The result of the free transfer of materials is written off to the financial result of the organization:

Dt. 99 “Profits and losses”

K-t sch. 91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses.”

Contributions to the authorized capital of another organization are assessed at the value agreed upon by the founders, unless a different assessment procedure is provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Contributions to the authorized capital are considered as financial investments.

The following entries are made:

Dt sch. 58 “Financial investments”

K-t sch. 91 “Other income and expenses”

The disposal of materials in connection with the contribution to the authorized capital is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 91 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

The financial result from investments made is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 99 "Profits and losses."

11.5. Inventory of inventories and reflection of its results on accounting accounts

In order to ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, enterprises conduct an inventory of material assets at least once a year and no earlier than the first of October.

The inventory is carried out by a commission appointed by order of the head of the organization, in the presence of the financially responsible person, from whom a receipt has been received stating that all valuables have been capitalized and the documents have been submitted to the accounting department. Warehouses are sealed before inventory.

Material assets received at the warehouse and issued from the warehouse during the inventory period are subject to registration in a special statement under the heading “Received (issued) from the warehouse during the inventory period.”

Inventory is carried out by weighing, measuring, measuring material assets for each storage location. Identified values ​​are entered into an inventory list, according to which matching statements are compiled.

As a result of the inventory, the following can be identified:

1. Surplus valuables that are subject to capitalization and assessed at market value. This records the following:

Dt sch. 10 "Materials"

2. Shortage of material assets, which is written off to account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to assets.” The shortage of materials within the limits of natural loss norms is written off as expenses by writing:

Dt sch. 25.26

K-t sch. 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.”

Shortages due to the fault of the financially responsible person are written off from account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” to the debit of account 73/2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage.”

Compensation for the shortage by the financially responsible person is carried out at market prices. In this case, the difference between the cost of materials at market prices and their actual cost until reimbursement is taken into account in account 9 8/4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables.”

For the amount of the difference to be reimbursed by the financially responsible person, account 73/2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage” is debited and account 9 8/4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables” is credited.

When compensating for the shortfall, the guilty party makes the following entries:

1. Dt sch. 50 "Cashier"

K-t sch. 73/2 “Calculations for compensation for material damage.”

2. Dt sch. 9 8/4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables”

K-t sch. 91/1 “Other income and expenses.”

Typical accounting entries for materials accounting are presented in table. 11.2.

Table 11.2

Typical accounting entries for accounting for materials in organizations

conclusions

Valuable inventories refer to the organization's working capital, a characteristic feature of which is that they completely transfer their value to the product of labor in one production cycle.

Synthetic inventory accounting is carried out on account 10 “Materials” at actual cost, and analytical accounting is organized on warehouse accounting cards for each type, type, grade of material in natural units of measurement on warehouse accounting cards. An organization can account for materials using accounts 15, 16 and 10 or using only account 10 “Materials”. The accounting policy of the organization determines the assessment of inventories spent on production (FIFO, LIFO, weighted average price method). VAT paid to the supplier is not included in the actual cost of materials, but is fully presented to the budget for reimbursement, subject to the following conditions:

• material assets received (capitalized);
• VAT is highlighted in payment documents;
• there is an invoice.

In order to ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, an inventory of inventories is carried out. Identified surpluses are attributed to the financial results of the organization, and shortages are taken into account in account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.” Shortages are written off taking into account the reasons for their occurrence.

Self-test questions

1. Define the organization's inventory.
2. What values ​​relate to the organization's RPM?
3. What values ​​relate to the organization's special equipment?
4. In what assessment are inventories reflected in the balance sheet and in current accounting?
5. What costs are included in the actual cost of inventory?
6. What methods of assessing inventories are used when determining the cost of materials consumed for the production of products, works and services?
7. How are the deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at the book price distributed?
8. What is the procedure for conducting an inventory of inventories?
9. How are the inventory results of inventories reflected in the accounts?
10. At what cost is the materially responsible person compensated for the shortage of materials?

Bibliography

1. Federal Law “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ.
2. Regulations on maintaining accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 24, 2000 No. 31n.
3. Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU1/98): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 30, 1999 No. 107n.
4. Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Inventories” (PBU5/01): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n.
5. Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” (PBU9/99): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 27n.
6. Accounting Regulations “Organization Expenses” (PBU10/99): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 27n.
7. Accounting Regulations “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” (PBU3/2006) dated November 27, 2006 No. 154n.
8. Guidelines for accounting of inventories: Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, taking into account changes and additions dated April 23, 2002 No. 33n.
9. Erofeeva V.A., Klushantseva G.V., Kemter V.B. Accounting with elements of taxation. St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2004.
10. Kondrakov N. P. Accounting. M.: INFRA-M, 2005.

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